budbromley

In the past, earth’s temperature has been statistically flat for more than 30 million years, and during that geological period the earth was covered with jungle.  Life in the skies, on the land and in the seas was very abundant. You know the period as the Jurassic period from the movies when dinosaurs roamed. Prior to the Jurassic was a period of 75 million years when CO2 concentration was just a bit lower than today’s CO2 level of 400 ppm.  During that long period of 75 million years, the earth’s temperature was colder than today’s by about 5 degrees C. Again, this was a very long, cold period when the CO2 was just a bit lower than it is today.

Then, after that ice age, for reasons we don’t understand yet, temperature started to increase extremely rapidly, rising to a temporary peak about 7 degrees warmer than today and then settling in about 5 degrees warmer than today, where it stayed statistically flat for more than 100 million years, including most of the verdant jungle Jurassic period.

Life was good, abundant and growing during the Jurassic.  Following the very rapid increase in temperature, CO2 increased at a slower rate to a peak at almost 2000 ppm, almost 5 times today’s 400 ppm.  Then CO2 levels declined following a Fibonacci cycle from about 2000 ppm to 1200 ppm in the middle of the jungle Jurassic period.  Temperature was stable but CO2 was declining for millions of years.  From there CO2 increased very rapidly to about 2400 parts per million, about 6 times higher than today’s 400 ppm.  From that peak at about 2400 ppm, CO2 begins a slow, long decline lasting 150 million years to where we are today around 400 parts per million, only a bit above where it was for an ice age that lasted almost 75 million years.

Earth was covered by a sheet of ice for almost 75 million years.  The continental shelf above sea level was several hundred feet higher than it is today and on top of that shelf was an ice sheet 2 miles thick in places.  Only the tops of today’s highest mountains rose above the ice sheet.  Life, as we know it, was not so good and not so abundant during that 75-million-year long ice age.  From the perspective of our CO2 levels today, we are not far from the level of CO2 during that deep and long ice age.

For almost 100 million years leading up to our modern era, the CO2 concentration declined to just a bit below where it is today and meanwhile the temperature was statistically flat for 50 million years about 5 degrees warmer than today.  The decline of CO2 started more than 100 million years before temperature briefly spiked about 2 degrees to about 24 degrees C. after it had been statistically flat at 22 degrees C for 75 million years.  From that spike, temperature began a rapid decline to where we are today.  The divergence of these two trends, a trendless flat temperature line and a declining CO2 concentration line, for duration of period of so many millions of years, is sufficient evidence to fail the AGW hypothesis.

During that long period of declining CO2 level, life was less abundant than it had been in the prior jungle Jurassic period.  CO2 did rise following a more rapid temperature increase to the Jurassic temperatures.  But the CO2 trend was following the temperature trend.  During the Jurassic, CO2 began a slow, long decline but temperature did not, temperature remained stable for millions of year, then spiked down and back up to Jurassic temperature for another flat 50 million years.  Then, after being stable for 50 million years, temperatures rapidly declined to where we are today while at the same time and for 100 million years before that abrupt temperature decline CO2 was already slowly declining to about where are today.  The evidence is very poor that CO2 causes warming of the climate.  On the other hand, there is a strong correlation between trends of declining CO2 and declining temperature.

Correlation does to prove cause, but if there is a causal link, then there must be a correlation.

We are walking on thin ice at today’s level of 400 ppm carbon.  Currently, the CO2 level is increasing steadily toward a more normal and healthy range where life is more abundant.  But political leaders at world and national levels have been working for decades to persuade us all – with the expense of more than $100 billion dollars they have collected or intend to collect from us by taxation – that CO2 levels are important for the climate.  But, they also attempt to persuade us that we need to reverse the current rising CO2 trend toward one which is closely correlated with multiple, long ice ages.

If hell is frozen, the road to hell is paved with the intentions of climate politicians and their cronies.

If I have not explained this to your satisfaction, there are several thousands of scientists who can address your specific area of concern.  The Attorney General of the United States and her equivalent in other nations and United Nations, and others, want to hunt down and punish these skeptical scientists and any corporations who do not follow the global warming agenda of politicians.

All you have to do is vote against anyone who supports anthropogenic global warming.  Also stop giving money to those green candidates and the long list of their environmental crony organizations.

Ref: R.A. Berner, 2001 re: CO2.  Ref: C.R. Scotese re: temp.

Imagine: Your car speedometer says you are going 60 miles per hour. You drive on the freeway for an hour at about 60 miles per hour according to the speedometer. But, after driving for that hour, you have not yet reached a town which is only 30 miles away. Do you fix the speedometer? Or do you change distances on the map? Do you claim that the town has moved? If climate alarmists had a climate model that worked, we would all know about that. It would be all over the news. And if that model revealed a definitive causal link between CO2 and temperature that produced dangerous warming, then all of those politicians, bureaucrats and so-called climate experts living on government money would not be flying to climate conferences in jets. These boondoggling so-called climate experts don’t have a climate model that works. Their speedometer does not work and they have not figured out the problem. They have dozens of models that cannot reproduce a known temperature even when known values are entered into the variables in their models. The models do not validate against real world measured data. In fact, climate alarmists misuse the words “pause” and “hiatus” in describing the statistically flat temperatures of the last 18+ years. Those words imply that warming will continue. In fact, no one knows whether this planet will be warmer or cooler or remain about the same. It’s time for us to fire the speedometer repair men.

TREASURY INSPECTOR GENERAL FOR TAX ADMINISTRATION:

“Individuals Who Are Not Authorized to Work in the United States Were Paid $4.2 Billion [per year] in Refundable Credits”  https://www.treasury.gov/…/2011reports/201141061fr.pdf

Here is a TV news story on the tax fraud:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3eQZoXAU7X0

It’s a big country. You and I may prefer to travel by horse. Another fella may prefer to travel by magnolev rapid transit and another fellow may prefer surfing gravity waves. So long as we and our property are free to move to a different state, it will all work out. How much simpler can it get? But, if you start to reward me for my activities in your state, then I may decide to give up to you some of my freedom. Which nipple did you want?

If I bring the knife to the fight, will you bring the bread and butter? Isn’t this the appeal of the mercenary? Isn’t this the appeal of government? What’s it to be? Safety or liberty?

Warning, government intends to harm you…again. Insanity times 10…Thursday, the Obama administration announced its first step toward regulating methane emissions from hundreds of thousands of oil and natural-gas wells across the U.S., putting more pressure on jobs and on an industry already stressed by low prices. What the Obama administration’s EPA is proposing is an insane waste of taxpayer dollars, as well as disinformed, counterproductive environmental policy.

Methane is a trace gas in the atmosphere, comprising about 1700 parts per billion parts of air or 0.00017% of air or 1.7 ppm. Most of that methane comes naturally from the environment. Methane, also known as natural gas, is only 0.36% of total greenhouse gases. Human-contributed methane is only 0.066% of total greenhouse gas. So, despite all the evidence to the contrary, even if you still believe in the hypothesis of human-caused global warming, there is not enough methane to cause a global warming problem.

U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch is spending taxpayer money to stop informed people from “denying” that an event is happening, even though that event has not been happening for 18 years, and during those 18 years we were brainwashed continuously that it was happening, that the world was getting hotter, dangerously hotter. But it wasn’t getting hotter afterall. Billions of taxpayer dollars have been spent on a hypothesis that was disproved by real-world data.

Where did those billions of taxpayer dollars go that were spent on “green” projects? Where are all those “green” jobs?

The level of CO2 in the atmosphere is not a problem for life on this planet and the contribution of CO2 by humans will never be a problem.  Higher atmospheric CO2 concentration in air will benefit all life on earth.  Even CO2 concentration in air were 300% higher than today, the CO2 concentration in air would not be a problem for humans, animals or plants, it would be a benefit.  CO2 is plant food, algae food and food for some bacteria. CO2 is part of the natural carbon cycle on this planet. CO2 and carbon are essential to almost all life on this planet. Carbon is an essential building block for almost all cellular life on this planet. CO2 from the atmosphere is the ONLY WAY carbon gets into plants, algae and bacteria cells and from there into animals. Let me repeat: THE ONLY WAY.

Studies of satellite imagery of earth over the last three decades show that the earth is getting greener.  But this is not human-caused.

Today’s atmospheric CO2 concentration is about 400 parts per million parts of air, or more commonly 400 ppm. During the geological age known as the Jurassic Period – which lasted about 60 million years – the mean CO2 concentration in the atmosphere was about 1900 ppm,  more than 400% higher than today, and the temperature at the surface averaged about 16.5 degrees centigrade, about 3.5 degrees centigrade higher than today. But during more than half of the Jurassic period, the CO2 level was stable at nearly 3000 ppm. I used the Jurassic as my example because you may recall from reading or movies that during the Jurassic period Earth  was mostly covered in jungle and dinosaurs roamed the land and seas. Life was very abundant and green at much higher CO2 levels as well as at higher temperatures. The Jurassic was not the only period when this happened. (See graphic CO2 and Temperature.)

Humans contribute to the planet’s CO2, but it CO2 does not accumulate in the atmosphere. And the human portion of CO2, which is a so-called “greenhouse gas”, does not contribute to warming the atmosphere, unfortunately.  More CO2 would be better and more warming would be better, but that is not how the natural equilibrium works.  Total CO2 in the atmosphere has increased by about 33% since the rough estimates of CO2 in the pre-industrial era, but the increase is not due to humans. Burning fossil fuels and breathing are not significant contributions to the planet’s carbon cycle, these are minor and temporary disturbances to a natural equilibrium partition of CO2 between air and water.  The equilibrium is restored in a time frame and amount directly proportional to the disturbance.  Human-CO2-caused global warming and/or climate change is a hoax, a fraud.

The amount of CO2 contributed by humans from all sources is trivial and temporary with regard to the temperature of this planet. (See attached table Anthropogenic Contribution.) The total CO2 in the atmosphere is very important to keep atmospheric temperature relatively warm and stable, but humans contribute less than 5% of the total CO2 and that amount is continuously mixed and absorbed with the ~95% which is continuously recycling in and out of the environment.  Humans annually contribute approximately 30 gigatons (30 billion tons) of CO2 to the atmosphere, a very small amount compared to the approximately 800 gigatons annually moving through the planet’s carbon cycle. Nature (non-human) produces about 770 gigatons of CO2 per year, humans produce about 30 gigatons per year. About 98% of the total 800 gigatons per year cycle is re-absorbed by nature. This re-absorption of CO2 does not differentiate between CO2 from humans and CO2 from other sources.

Most of the CO2 in the atmosphere was outgassed by the oceans and most of that CO2 in the oceans came from metamorphism of calcium carbonate (e.g. limestone rock) into silicon dioxide (e.g. sand) by volcanic high heat at the subduction zones deep beneath the oceans. During ancient geological periods, volcanoes, fissures and rift zones below the oceans and on land release large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. In daylight, when sunlight is warming the surface of the oceans and lakes, unreacted CO2 gas, which is dissolved in water, is released at the surface into the atmosphere as gaseous CO2.  At night, when the surface of the water cools, CO2 is dissolved from the air into the water to form ionic carbonic acid, bicarbonate ions, carbonate ions, and non-ionized CO2 gas.  Cold water holds more CO2 gas than warm water. Think of your cold, carbonated soda pop drink compared to your warm, flat soda pop. The relative amount of CO2 in the atmosphere compared to the amount of CO2 in ocean water is determined by Henry’s law. (4)

Henry’s law: At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium above that liquid. An equivalent way of stating the law is that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. At given temperatures of air and water, a given air pressure, and a given pH and salinity in water, the relative concentration of CO2 in air versus CO2 dissolved in water will be in an equilibrium equation defined by Henry’s law. (4)

“This means that for an atmospheric doubling of CO2, there will have to be supplied 50 times more CO2 to the ocean to obtain chemical equilibrium. This total of 51 times the present amount of atmospheric CO2 carbon is more than the known reserves of fossil carbon. At our current conditions, according to Henry’s law, ocean water holds about 50 times as much carbon dioxide as does the atmosphere above it. ” (7)

An important point here is that ocean and lake water are not pure water. Many molecules are dissolved as ions or suspended in the water. These ions, especially calcium ions, act as buffers which increase the amount of carbon which can be dissolved in the water. When CO2 gas is dissolved in water, about 99% of it breaks apart and becomes bicarbonate ions, and carbonate ions, and an intermediate reaction form known as carbonic acid which reversibly dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. Carbonic acid readily combines with ionic forms of calcium. More on this at the carbon cycle link below. (3) Furthermore, oceans can never become acidic from either too much carbon or too much carbon dioxide because there is sufficient calcium ion already dissolved in the oceans to buffer all of the carbon on the planet and to convert that carbon into limestone. Thus, ocean chemistry scientists say that the oceans are an infinite sink for carbon. (1)(7)

There is far more calcium on earth than there is carbon, about 4 times more calcium ion in ocean surface water than dissolved carbon forms.  There is far more calcium dissolved in the oceans than there is known carbon on the planet. (And calcium is not the only buffering system in the ocean.)  There are buffering systems in ocean, ongoing chemical reactions, which work to prevent ocean water from becoming too alkaline, and there are buffering systems in ocean which work to prevent ocean from becoming acidic.  This means that ocean can never become acidic by the addition of CO2 or carbon.

Calcium containing molecules are precipitated out of water onto the sea bottom floors of oceans and lakes, primarily as calcite or aragonite, two forms of calcium carbonate. You know this rock as limestone, dolomite, marble and travertine. Most of the calcium carbonate found in and on the floor of the oceans and on land comes from animals and plants that have died and been metabolized by other forms of life. The CO2 in the atmosphere is taken in by plants which use it in photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates in cells and in turn they expire oxygen as their waste product. That’s fortunate for us. Animals like us then eat the plants containing carbohydrates and the carbon becomes part of the animal’s body or is released as waste CO2 in their breath or carbon molecules in their waste. That’s fortunate for plants. This continues sequentially until the animal is eaten or it dies and is metabolized by the food chain beneath it. The cells in the animal or plant are metabolized by a continuous chain of life forms and chemistry, a food pyramid, leaving calcium carbonate waste among other things. The calcium carbonate precipitates in water and eventually becomes sediment and over more time becomes stone. To break down this calcium carbonate in stone again into separate molecules containing calcium and separate molecules containing carbon (such as CO2) requires very high heat, usually the heat of white hot volcanic magma. In other words, once that CO2 has been absorbed by a plant, unless that plant is burned, this CO2 will eventually become calcium carbonate trapped in some form of stone unless that stone is heated to the temperature of a volcano. This process is known as the carbon cycle, and it is absolutely critical for life as we know. See reference (3) below.

When we exhale (we release about 5000 ppm CO2 into the air) and when we burn fossil fuels, we are releasing much needed CO2 into the atmosphere. We are fortunate that our planet is still making fossil fuels like natural gas (methane, CH4), and oil in enormous quantities as it has since life began. Plant life and algae will shut down without sufficient CO2 to “breathe.” Plant life begins shutting down around 150 ppm CO2.  Earth’s current CO2 concentration in air of 400 ppm is dangerously low for plants and algae; a long cold spell will reduce CO2 concentration in air because CO2 is highly soluble in water and that solubility increases as water temperature decreases. It is a good thing we are releasing CO2 into the atmosphere. CO2 is not pollution.

“Several times during the last 3 million years, life above sea level was within 30 parts per million of being extinguished by a lack of carbon dioxide. The flowering plants we rely upon in our diet evolved 100 million years ago when the carbon dioxide level was four times the current concentration. For plant life, the current amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is near starvation levels.” (7)

We are currently in an ice age. (See graphic 1024px_Myr_Climate-Change) The definition of an ice age is that there is ice found year round at both the north and south poles of the planet. There have been periods of tens of millions of years when there was no ice at the poles. We are currently in what is known as an interglacial period, a relatively short period of ten thousand or so years when temperatures are relatively warm but there is still year round ice at the poles. (See attached graphic: Temperature Range.)

AGW (anthropogenic global warming) also known as anthropogenic climate change is a giant fraud. The propagators of this propaganda which is akin to a religion, including the United Nations and the current President of the United States, should be imprisoned for the harms they have caused millions of people including many thousands of unnecessary deaths.

(1) Stumm, W., and J.J. Morgan. 1970. Aquatic Chemistry: An Introduction Emphasizing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters. Wiley-Interscience, New York.

(2) http://www.co2science.org/

(3) http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/carbon.htm

(4) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%27s_law

(5) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate

(6) http://humanevents.com/…/the-carbon-dioxide-level-is-dange…/

(7) http://folk.uio.no/tomvs/esef/esef4.htm

“America has moved into a dangerous era where the only constraints on presidential power are political, not constitutional!” …”The 2016 presidential election is shaping up to be a contest between democratic socialism and national populism.” ~ Excellent article by Andrew Miiller at this link.

https://www.thetrumpet.com/article/13641.2.0.0/world/government/is-america-becoming-an-authoritarian-state

In their “hottest year ever” press briefing, NOAA …stated that they have a 58 year long temperature record, but they only showed the last 37 years. The prior years showed temperature decline. Examining that full record, NOAA’s best data, shows no warming for 60 years.

More on this story here:  http://realclimatescience.com/2016/03/noaa-radiosonde-data-shows-no-warming-for-58-years/

https://budbromley.wordpress.com/2016/02/08/obama-is-dead-wrong-on-climate-change/