Data on the website of the Global Carbon Budget is interesting.  Generally a new “budget” has been published for the last several years and they contain different data sets.

NOAA conveniently avoided discussing the contradiction with IPCC “consensus science” et al which these data reveal. NOAA claimed: “Based on preliminary analysis, the global average atmospheric carbon dioxide in 2020 was 412.5 parts per million (ppm for short), setting a new record high amount despite the economic slowdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In fact, the jump of 2.6 ppm over 2019 levels was the fifth-highest annual increase in NOAA’s 63-year record. Since 2000, the global atmospheric carbon dioxide amount has grown by 43.5 ppm, an increase of 12 percent.” By  Rebecca Lindsey Reviewed By  Ed Dlugokencky . Published August 14, 2020 Updated October 7, 2021.  https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide

The overall rate of change of CO₂ concentration is diligently measured by the NOAA observatory on Mauna Loa. Their data is often seen described and graphed as the Keeling Curve below.

As is easily seen in the Keeling Curve, and as the NOAA authors above acknowledge, the dip in estimated human emission due to Covid has not affected global CO₂ concentration or its rate of change. The disservice and disinformation is that they fail to point out that the concentration and rate of change (the slope of that Mauna Loa’s Keeling Curve) is not controlled by human emission. IPCC et al claim human emission is the primary cause of increasing atmospheric CO₂, a claim which is echoed in mainstream media and schools worldwide.  

CO₂ flux is controlled by the largest flux. Almost nowhere is this mentioned in climatology, one exception is Professor Murry Salby.  Flux is the mass (or volume) of material flowing through a plane (in this case ocean surface) per unit time, for example, gigatonnes of CO₂ per square meter per year. Flux is controlled by the area of the surface through which the mass is flowing.  Flux is not the same as flow rate. 

There is a reservoir of CO₂ in the atmosphere estimated at 750 gigatonnes (750 billion metric tonnes), see carbon cycle graphic below.  There is a reservoir of aqueous CO₂ gas in the surface of the ocean estimated at 1020 gigatonnes.  In the middle and deep ocean is a reservoir of CO₂ as dissolved inorganic carbon and non-ionized CO₂ estimated at 38,000 to 40,000 gigatonnes. This vast, slow deep oceanic CO₂ reservoir connects to the surface layer through slow currents and through the hydration reaction of CO₂ gas with H₂O which yields carbonic acid, H₂CO₃, which in turn is connected to the carbonate chemistry cycle described in reaction cycle image (30) below.  The ionic chemicals of the carbonate cycle react with and are moderated by the vast oceanic buffering systems which convert CO₂ gas to calcium carbonate stone (e.g. limestone) and other mineral stone.

There is a flux of CO₂ from the surface of the ocean into the atmosphere estimated at 90 gigatonnes per year.  There is another CO₂ flux from atmosphere into ocean surface estimated at 92 gigatonnes per year.  These two fluxes circulate between the 750 gigatonne CO₂ reservoir in the atmosphere and the 1020 gigatonne reservoir of CO₂ in the ocean surface.  The fluxes are continuously back and forth through the surface of the ocean. CO₂ is absorbed into cold ocean surface (less than 25 C) and is emitted from warm ocean surface (greater than 25.6 C).  These two 90 gigatonne fluxes dominate the rate of CO₂ changes in the atmosphere and ocean surface.  Human emission is immediately mixed with these two larger fluxes and will have not affect global CO₂ concentration or rate of change. CO₂ will be absorbed into ocean surface, land and biosphere to balance human CO₂ emission. Anthropogenic CO₂ emission E_A equals Anthropogenic CO₂ absorption A_A. (See Salby derivation below and his explanation in first video below.)

The temperature of the ocean surface area acts as a temperature-controlled valve on these two large fluxes, the fluxes absorbed into and emitted out of ocean surface.  Net global CO₂ emission (the net difference between all CO₂ emission and all CO₂ absorption) and its slope (i.e. the NOAA graph and data) are controlled by net emission to and from ocean surface, which is controlled by the area of ocean surface above 25 C (emission) versus below 25 C (absorption.)  In local conditions, higher alkalinity in ocean surface favors dissolution of CO₂ into the surface, which is opposed by higher salinity in ocean surface which favors emission from the surface. Surface winds, ocean surface disturbances and currents affect local CO₂ partial pressure conditions in air and ocean surface. In these local conditions the rate limiting step to achieve CO₂ equilibrium between ocean surface and air above that surface is the migration rate of aqueous CO₂ gas in the ocean water matrix. Globally averaged, these local conditions cancel out leaving area of ocean surface temperature above or below 25 C as the primary control of net global average CO₂ concentration and its growth rate. Since ocean has enormous thermal mass and momentum, the CO₂ trend is likely to continue for years to come. That would be a good thing. The human contribution of CO₂ to total CO₂ concentration and its rate of change are both insignificant with regard to warming and climate change.

References

These two video lectures are different.

“The premise of the IPCC that increased atmospheric CO2 results from fossil fuels emissions is impossible.” ~ Dr. Murry Salby

Salby, Murry L., editor, Fundamentals of atmospheric physics. Volume 61. pages 1-627. 1996. ISBN-13:978-0-12-615160-2 and ISBN-10:0-12-615160-1. Full text downloadable as pdf: https://www.sciencedirect.com/bookseries/international-geophysics/vol/61

Salby, Murry L., Physics of the Atmosphere and Climate. 2nd Edition. Date Published: January 2012. isbn: 9780521767187. http://www.cambridge.org/9780521767187

Stumm, Werner and Morgan, James J. Aquatic chemistry : an introduction emphasizing chemical equilibria in natural waters. 2nd Ed. 1981. Page 210. Available for online loan: https://archive.org/details/aquaticchemistry00stum/mode/2up