I learned the following from the perspective of chemical measurement instrumentation and field theory instead of photonic (i.e., particle with no mass) theory.
When a so-called “greenhouse” gas molecule passes through a field of full spectrum long wave infrared radiation (LWIR), such as that which is continuously upwelling from earth’s surface, the molecule may possibly absorb one or more quanta of LWIR at one or more of its characteristic vibration frequencies at different amplitudes. For absorption of that LWIR to occur, the intramolecular vibration frequencies, that is the vibrations of one atom in the molecule relative to one of more atoms in the same gas molecule, e.g. CO2, must correspond precisely to frequencies/wavelengths in LWIR field and those vibrational bands or quanta in the gas molecules must be at ground state, i.e., must not be already occupied (not excited, not saturated) from previous LWIR absorption.
We know these vibrations, frequencies and wavelengths for almost all known molecules with high certainty by the measurement instrumentation science known as infrared spectroscopy; the mathematics of this technique became very precise and accurate by use of the Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), a significant improvement compared to previous dispersive spectroscopy techniques.
The CO2 gas molecule in air at standard temperature and pressure (STP, 25C, 1 atm) has 4 possible vibration frequencies(1) which are very precisely and accurately known. Frequencies precisely convert to wavelengths or wavenumbers. If and only if one or more of the CO2 molecule’s 4 vibrational frequencies are at ground state (i.e., in tune – in coherent resonance- with the surrounding gas temperature/pressure) when the molecule intersects with a LWIR field containing the same frequencies, then this CO2 molecule will absorb 1 wavelength of LWIR at the precise frequency that is coherently in tune with one of the 4 specific vibration states of the CO2 gas molecule. Absorbing that LWIR frequency/wavelength at one of those 4 frequencies is considered analogous to absorption of a photon, or a quantum. The result is the frequency of the internal vibration between two atoms in the CO2 is increased by a known quantum, i.e., a measurable frequency and amplitude. There are levels of excitation or quanta for increasing frequency and amplitude but the levels are discrete and change only by discrete quantum shifts between the levels. When the CO2 molecule absorbs a photon or quantum of LWIR, this CO2 molecule is now in an “excited state” where its potential energy is higher than previously. This occurs when a molecule absorbs energy, causing its electrons/bonds and atoms to move to a higher vibration level. Importantly, the absorption event does not change the vector directional velocity of the CO2 gas molecule as it moves through the atmosphere and the LWIR field. Nor does the emission of that photon by itself slow (or cool) the vector velocity of the CO2 gas molecule. The LWIR photon (or wavelength of LWIR) which was absorbed has no mass, so a collision does not change the direction or velocity of the CO2 molecule. Thus the CO2 gas molecule has not been warmed by the absorption of LWIR except in the purest sense of its increase in potential energy above absolute zero Kelvin scale.
Within a tiny fraction of a second after absorption of the LWIR, our CO2 gas molecule in its elevated state will collide with a N2 molecule (based on a probability distribution), or next probably an O2 molecule, or next a surface on earth, or next a water vapor molecule, and so forth down the probability distribution for collisions. Our excited CO2 gas molecule is unlikely to collide with another CO2 gas molecule since CO2 concentration in air is only ~0.04%. When our CO2 gas molecule at its elevated state is flying through air, its velocity and vector direct was determined by the temperature/pressure of the surrounding gases and its last previous collision geometry. Our CO2 gas molecules collides with a N2 molecule (which is also traveling through space at a velocity and vector determined by the temperature/pressure of the surrounding gases and its last previous collision geometry most probably with another N2 molecule), for example, which disrupts the energy status of our CO2 gas molecule. Due to this disturbance, probably the CO2 molecule will emit one wavelength (or photon) of LWIR into 3D steradian space and our CO2 gas molecule will “relax” to its ground state characteristic vibration mode. The wavelength and frequency emitted will exactly the same as that which was absorbed, but the emission is into the surrounding 3D steradian space. The abundance/amplitude (Watts/m2 ) of the LWIR emitted is distributed over 3D steradian space, that is, the total emitted Watts is the same as absorbed and as held in the quantum energy level, but the W/m2 is reduced at any one point very significantly because the total watts is distributed across a much larger area, i.e., the surface of an expanding 3D steradian solid geometric sphere. About 50% of these watts is emitted vertically toward sky and about 50% is emitted toward earth’s surface.
This LWIR emission from our CO2 gas molecule cannot be absorbed by the N2 gas molecule because the N2 molecule (nor O2, nor Ar) has compatible vibration modes. The CO2 vibrations are potential energy which do not change the temperature of the CO2 molecule nor N2 molecule. However, since our CO2 molecule is slightly more massive than the N2 molecule and both are traveling at about the same velocity, then the CO2 molecule may transmit some additional momentum to the N2 gas molecule thus possibly increasing the velocity/temperature of the N2 molecule (depending on the geometry of the collision.)
About 50% of the total radiative emission watts of our CO2 molecule is directed toward the surface, and 50% to the sky. Already we can say that following the second law of thermodynamics the radiative emissions of our CO2 gas molecule cannot heat Earth’s surface.
Only in the “normal” direction (i.e., perpendicular) between Earth’s surface and our CO2 molecule is the wavelength/frequency the same as the LWIR that was originally absorbed by our CO2 molecule. At all other steradian solid angles the wavelength is longer and the frequency is reduced, i.e., the W/m2 is progressively reduced by the steradian math, and steradian angles lengthen the wavelength until eventually the radiation is no longer in the LWIR (heat band). The amplitude of the emitted energy and wavelength of the emitted energy are simultaneously reduced measured at the point incidence. (The distance the LWIR travels also lengthens (red shifts) the wavelength but this does not occur in the short distances of Earth’s atmosphere so far as I know.)
At all angles including normal the watts received at the next object of incidence after emission (a molecule or a surface) is reduced by the math of steradian solid angles, and all of this occurred within a tiny fraction of a second. At sea level, the density of N2 in air is approximately 2.5 x 1025 molecules/m3. The collision cross-section for CO2-N2 collisions is around 0.43 x 10-18 m2. The collision frequency CO2-N2 can be estimated to be around 1011 collisions per second!
Upon collision with another gas molecule, our CO2 gas molecule cannot transfer its potential energy of vibrations to another gas molecule except in the extremely rare instance of a geometrically perfect head on collision with another CO2 gas molecule which also happens to have exactly compatible vibrational bands which are at ground state, not at an elevated excited state. Since these two CO2 molecules are both traveling through the same broad spectrum upwelling LWIR from Earth’s surface, the quantum energy bands of the second CO2 molecule are probably already saturated, and at the elevated state. The result is the familiar log curve of CO2 wherein additional CO2 concentration yields progressively diminishing increases in LWIR absorption since the CO2 bands are mostly already saturated by LWIR from the surface and pervasive water vapor.
When our CO2 at excited vibration state collides with a solid or liquid surface, these vibrations can transfer to the surface matrix and cause increased vibrations and heating of the molecules in the surface matrix. Ocean surface heats slightly for example by the continuous collision of atmospheric gas molecules with ocean surface. [Reflection (or albedo) of LWIR by the surface does not change surface temperature. No energy is transferred to a surface upon light reflection from the surface.] Considering the mean free path of CO2 molecules at sea level (approximately 60-70 nm) and the Earth’s radius (6.371 x 106 m), and a 2D Earth collision surface versus a 3D atmospheric gas matrix with density varying inversely with altitude, the collision frequency between CO2 molecules and the Earth’s surface can be expected to be significantly lower than the collision frequency between CO2 and N2 molecules in the air matrix.
Meanwhile, as earth’s surface is approached, the density of surrounding water vapor, CO2 and other “greenhouse” gas molecules is increasing due to gravity. [Adiabatic thermodynamics must be considered in our heat transfer discussions.] Earth’s surface is continuing to emit broad spectrum LWIR day and night. The LWIR from our CO2 gas molecule will never reach earth’s surface (to supposedly warm it) unless our CO2 gas molecule happens to be only one wavelength above the surface, in which case the watts/m2 incident at the surface will have been significantly reduced as described above. And, most of the wavelength/frequency incident at the surface is not normal/perpendicular to the surface, thus most of the incident radiation will be no longer LWIR (which could be called heat) but instead Far Infrared (FIR) or longer wavelength and lower W/m2 .
The next frequency range longer than LWIR is the Far Infrared (FIR) band. It ranges from approximately 15 micrometers to 1000 micrometers, while LWIR’s range is 8 micrometers to 15 micrometers wavelength. The FIR band is not typically associated with direct warming of the Earth’s surface. Earth’s surface is primarily warmed by shorter wavelength radiation, such as visible light and near infrared, which are absorbed and re-emitted after heat transference processes as longer wavelength radiation in the LWIR thermal range. (It is these heat transference and thermodynamics processes that I hope our group will finally receive deserved consideration rather than the hoax that radiative transfer by CO2 and other greenhouse gases.)
So, we have LWIR (emitted at characteristic wavelengths/frequencies from our CO2 gas molecule) which is directed toward Earth’s surface but the W/m2 of this LWIR has been significantly diminished by more than 50%, meanwhile still continuously upwelling from the surface is a broad spectrum LWIR field of much higher LWIR W/m2 containing the same wavelengths/frequencies of LWIR which were only a moment before absorbed into the vibration bands of our CO2 gas molecule. When these two fields collide, i.e., a high wattage continuously upwelling LWIR field from Earth’s surface intersects with a one wavelength pulse into a steradian solid sphere of very low W/m2 but at the same wavelength/frequency what happens? The result must be consistent with the second law of thermodynamics states which states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter one. Radiation from our CO2 gas molecule cannot heat the Earth’s surface from which that radiation came a moment before.
Holding a mirror at a campfire to reflect heat of the fire back to the fire does not increase the temperature of the campfire; if we could do that, then we would build perpetual energy machines.
The next frequency range after Far Infrared (FIR) is the Terahertz (THz) gap, also known as the Submillimeter band. This range extends from approximately 0.1 to 10 terahertz frequency, or 0.03 to 3 millimeters wavelength. It’s a relatively unexplored region of the electromagnetic spectrum between the microwave and infrared regions. (By comparison, Earth’s emission in the LWIR range is approximately 390 watts per square meter (W/m²). If I recall, John Clauser calculates absorption of LWIR by CO2 gas at 2 W/m2, which will also be the average emission W/m2 after which the W/m2 isreduced to nilas described above.) FIR radiation is not a significant contributor to warming Earth’s surface; it is largely transmitted through the atmosphere and not significantly absorbed by “greenhouse” gases since those characteristic intramolecular vibrational modes do not exist. Incoming solar THz or Submillimeter band radiation is not a significant contributor to warming. Incoming solar THz or Submillimeter band radiation is mostly absorbed by atmospheric gases, particularly water vapor and CO2, in the troposphere. This absorption occurs due to the resonant frequencies of these molecules, which match the frequencies of THz radiation. In the THz range (0.3 THz to 3 THz), the atmosphere is opaque, and most of the incoming solar energy is attenuated within a few meters at the top of the troposphere; this absorption converts the radiation into heat energy but at the top of the troposphere, and looking at the full spectrum of solar radiation received at the top of that atmosphere, note the W/m2 received at the THz- Submillimeter end of the spectrum is minimal. Farther out the spectrum, Earth’s microwave emission is approximately 20 W/m², but this is a result of the Earth’s temperature, not a cause of it.
In summary, LWIR emitted from Earth’s surface is the primary infrared range responsible for warming Earth’s atmosphere, but not Earth’s surface, but the W/m2 of warming of atmosphere is near zero, since, as described above. Radiative transfer from so-called “greenhouse”gases toward Earth’s surface is reduced to nil, and then further reduced by the progressively increasing optical thickness (opacity) due to increasing density of atmosphere to LWIR as the LWIR approaches the surface. FIR, THz, and microwaves play a negligible role in warming at the surface.
A one wavelength/short pulse of low wattage LWIR from our CO2 molecule does not increase the temperature of Earth’s surface due to the continuous LWIR emission upwelling (hotter) surface. However, it is important to point out that the LWIR energy is not destroyed. It is transformed. The LWIR pulse’s W/m2 is distributed over a large steradian solid angle. The LWIR emission pulse is stretched, spread over a time longer duration (i.e., lower frequency). Its wavelength is lengthened, and its frequency is reduced simultaneously. The steradian solid angle of incidence with the surface decreases from 90 degrees normal (i.e., perpendicular) between the molecule and the surface to 70 degree, to 45 degree to 30 degree angle and so forth. Only at the 90-degree perpendicular between our CO2 molecule and Earth’s surface are the wavelength/frequency the same as absorbed and emitted by our CO2 molecule. LWIR (i.e., heat) emitted from the surface cannot be increased by absorbance of surface-directed LWIR radiative emission from greenhouse gases. That would defy the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
The radiation transfer theory is false with regard to the so-called “greenhouse” warming effect in the atmosphere.
Aloha,
Bud Bromley
by @Rothmus on X/Twitter
by JKerner on X/Twitter @JKernerOT
“All charges manufactured against Trump have been brought for only one reason – to keep him out of the White House. Falsely labeling J6 as an “insurrection” and denying J6 prisoners their constitutional rights has been done ONLY to falsely discredit Trump and keep him out of the White House. Calling Trump an “existential threat to America and democracy” is the very definition of hypocrisy, as the greatest threats to our constitutional republic and Bill of Rights is the Democrat party. Trump’s most heinous crime is exposing and opposing The Swamp. So The Swamp has fought back by falsely prosecuting and persecuting Trump for every crime they can conjure up – using their corrupt DAs and judges.”
“[U.S. Attorney General] Garland epitomizes the pathological liars and corrupt traitors who dominate the entire Democrat party. It’s obvious to all rational people that DOJ targets opponents of Democrat corruption and criminality. It’s obvious that DOJ, FBI and Democrat DAs have been weaponized against “right wing and MAGA extremists” whose only crimes are demanding that our Constitution and Bill of Rights be followed and government corruption cease. It’s obvious to all rational people that Democrats have dismissed the Constitution and rule of law. As just one of many examples, the entire J6 false narrative was manufactured to target Trump and anyone who tries to expose elections fraud. All Bill of Rights have been trashed over the J6 events and its political prisoners. It’s obvious to all rational people that the Democrat party is the greatest threat of all to our constitutional republic and freedoms.”
Bud: 100% agree. If we ever return to actual justice and rule of law, Garland and his unconstitutionally appointed special prosecutor Smith should spend the rest of their lives in federal prison, along with a few other traitors.
“In questions of power then, let no more be heard of confidence in man, but bind him down from mischief by the chains of the Constitution.” – Thomas Jefferson
This is a recording of an epic live discussion of power versus prosperity by John Mearsheimer and Jeffrey Sachs. Do not miss it.
If this video disappears, please let me know.
Bud’s opinion: Occam’s razor With respect Dr. Sachs, there is no evidence that Hamas, or Hezbollah, or Iran will stop attacking Israel. There is abundance evidence the attacks will continue regardless the appeasement offered by Israel.
There is no punishment by so-called “international law” against the hundreds of thousands of attacks against Israel, over 10,000 rockets launched against Israel just since October 7, 2023. Instead, international agencies as well as nations including the U.S., E.U., etc. continue to fund and supply the attackers. Some countries also supply Israel.
Based on the words and actions of Hamas, PLO, Hezbollah and Iran, even if the people of Israel walked away from the entire land of Israel and Palestine and moved somewhere else, the most probable (near certain) scenario is that Hamas, PLO, Hezbollah and Iran, the Muslim Brotherhood, Wahabis, etc will pursue and continue killing Jewish people wherever they go.
Here is a short video by a Hamas commander explaining that this is not about Palestine, but about eliminating Jews and Christians from the earth.
Occam’s razor: this war is not about a piece of real estate or holy lands. This war is driven by the belief of Muslims that they are duty bound to eliminate Jews and in fact eliminate all who do not convert to Islam or become slaves (dhimmi); Islam has held that belief and executed people upon that belief including their own family members since it was formed. There has been no reformation on that part of their belief. In fact, as you will see in the Islamic document below, some believe the coming period will be the most savage in their history. Occam’s razor says Muslims will continue doing what they preach and continue what they have been doing for over 1000 years.
Professors Mearsheimer and Sachs ignore the elephant in the room. These esteemed professors mentioned India a few times, but never mentioned the largest, most severe and longest genocide in history by far which was the Muslim-conducted genocide of non-Muslims in India. Hindi, Buddhists, Sikh, animists, non-religious people were all eliminated proudly by the method taught supposedly by Muhammad and reported back to the caliphate by the generals of Islam’s armies. Mountains of bones of dead Indians.
“The genocide suffered by the Hindus of India at the hands of Arab, Turkish, Mughal and Afghan occupying forces for a period of 800 years is as yet formally unrecognized by the World.“
“The only similar genocide in the recent past was that of the Jewish people at the hands of the Nazis.”
“The holocaust of the Hindus in India was of even greater proportions, the only difference was that it continued for 800 years, till the brutal regimes were effectively overpowered in a life and death struggle by the Sikhs in the Panjab and the Hindu Maratha armies in other parts of India in the late 1700’s.”
“We have elaborate literary evidence of the World’s biggest holocaust from existing historical contemporary eyewitness accounts. The historians and biographers of the invading armies and subsequent rulers of India have left quite detailed records of the atrocities they committed in their day-to-day encounters with India’s Hindus.”
“These contemporary records boasted about and glorified the crimes that were committed – and the genocide of tens of millions of Hindus, mass rapes of Hindu women and the destruction of thousands of ancient Hindu / Buddhist temples and libraries have been well documented and provide solid proof of the World’s biggest holocaust.” https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/islamic-india-biggest-holocaust-world-history-whitewashed-history-books/
BUD: IMHO, the most likely nuclear war scenario will be between China’s CCP and Islam; subjects living under these tyrannies will be spectators and cannon fodder in the war launched by their dictatorial oligarchies. Likely, this will also be our outcome as citizens of democracies everywhere. I doubt it is possible to avoid the winter of a nuclear war, even if the U.S. managed to stay out of it. China’s CCP and Islam are both sworn to dominate the entire earth, which will lead to nuclear war. Both believe such is their destiny, and they are prepared to die as martyrs in their cause. The following booklet by an Islamic guru (translated to English) is followed by a translated video speech given by Chinese General Chi Haotian to his people…both anticipate giant wars and their eventual world dominance.
“CHINA WILL ATTACK AMERICA” by HON. BOB SCHAFFER of Colorado in the House of Representatives. Thursday, November 14, 2002.
[[Page 22783]] [Congressional Record (Bound Edition), Volume 148 (2002), Part 17]
[Extensions of Remarks]. [Pages 22782-22784]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRECB-2002-pt17/html/CRECB-2002-pt17-Pg22782-4.htm
“As mentioned in my previous remarks, in December 1999 China’s Defense Minister, General Chi Haotian, declared war “is inevitable” between China and the United States. He noted, “The issue is that the Chinese armed forces must control the initiative in this war.” Outlined in my remarks were considerations for the United States in recognizing China’s threat and our ability to control initiative during battle.”
The leaked speech General Haotian excerpted above briefly in the official U.S. Congressional Record by U.S. Congressman Schaeffer is read in English and analyzed section by section in the video below by Seth Holehouse. Attributed to General Chi Haotian (retired), the speech raises concerns about China’s military strategy and potential conflict with the United States. Haotian views CCP attack on the U.S. as inevitable. Its authenticity and credibility are disputed by some, but it was openly published in China. General Chi Haotian was born in 1929 and served as Minister of National Defense from 1993 to 2003. He was also a Politburo member and held various senior positions within the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. His military career spanned multiple decades, including the Chinese Civil War and the Korean War.
The entire speech by General Haotian is here if you prefer reading. It is alarming: https://jrnyquist.blog/2019/09/11/the-secret-speech-of-general-chi-haotian/
If you have read and followed this far, you probably have surmised that I agree with Professor Mearsheimer and not Professor Sachs. However, I disagree with Mearsheimer about his claim that no one is looking over America’s shoulder or above America to moderate its hegemonic power. God is doing that. I do not imply that God intends or supports America’s hegemony.
Dr. Mearsheimer, there can be more than one. There can be more than one hegemon, maybe more than three. Look at major industries. Exxon-Mobil and Saudi-Aramco. Toyota and Ford. Microsoft and Apple. But rules and agreements for fair competition do not apply when the competitors (i.e., the hegemon contenders) do not agree – agree in fact not only in words – agree to not attempt to exterminate their competitor. Is not this failure to agree in fact the existential problem on the global chessboard? Perhaps, Dr. Mearsheimer explains this is his books.
There are many places where Jeffrey Sachs is, ‘blame America first.’ He has been that way for years. For example, Sachs repeats the tired, disproven mantra of leftists that Colin Powell lied at the UN about Saddam Hussein’s possession of WMD. The U.S. government and other governments knew Saddam Hussein had WMD because those governments supplied the WMD, and those governments learned to regret doing so and finally took action against Saddam. Sachs repeats the long-disproven claim that there were no WMD in Iraq. The U.S. State Department, Presidents, Pentagon, intel agencies, Rochester University all knew that the U.S. sent WMD, bioweapons and chemical weapons, to Saddam Hussein during Iraq’s war with Iran. Other western nations knew also since they equipped Iraq with various other WMD, bunkers and pre-cursors to weapons. The Soviet Union equipped Iraq with a nuclear reactor and chemical and bio weapons. The Russia-supplied reactor was blown up by Israeli jets before the Gulf War. Early in 2003, before the U.S. and allies invaded Iraq in 2003, war materials sent by Russia were removed from Iraq to next door Syria in caravans of trucks guarded by Spetsnaz Russian special forces, seen in the photo below. How do we know that? Several confirming sources. A U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense held a live press conference days before the U.S. invasion showing aerial photos (including the one below) of long lines of heavily guarded trucks exiting Iraqi bases, guarded and trucked by Russian special forces.
Those Russian Spetsnaz special forces and Russian generals moved weapons out of Iraq and then returned to Moscow to proudly receive awards and announcements in Russian news of their successful Iraqi mission.
When U.S. and allied forces arrived in Iraq, old and new biological and chemical weapons and delivery systems were discovered in Iraq and destroyed. Some allied troops were injured by these WMD that were said to not exist. Yet still today Jeffrey Sachs and others claim WMD did not exist. Today, Jeffrey Sachs would have you believe that China’s CCP has no plans for world domination. Sachs is well spoken, but not believable.
“I have reputable sources where generals say yes, we gave Iraq weapons-specific biological agents and we knew what we were doing, figuring they were going to use it against Iran. But then they were prepared to use it against us. Now when we blew up some of these factories to do this, it spewed all this stuff in the air and some of our people over there also inhaled this. So you have the vaccine, you have the particles of this stuff in the air, you have chemical weapons in the air, you have depleted uranium. And as I said today 50,000 people suffering from Gulf War Syndrome and it is slowly moving into the population. I have not seen any recent studies on it that there are cases of it being conveyed to immediate family relatives, and health care workers, which indicates a biological agent at work.” ~ Faculty Lecture on Bio / Warfare / Terrorism / Weapons. Francis A. Boyle. Professor of International Law. 18 April 2002, University of Illinois.
About a year later, “The US-led coalition invaded Iraq on March 20, 2003, marking the beginning of the Iraq War.” Wikipedia.
U.S. law compelling the U.S. President to implement regime change in Iraq was passed by Congress and signed by then President Bill Clinton. Support for this law was fully bi-partisan and also supported by the UN which had passed repeated ineffectual actions against Saddam’s regime. Any U.S. President elected in 2000 was compelled by US law to regime change in Iraq. Of course Democrats were expecting Al Gore to be elected in 2000. Indeed Al Gore was for war in Iraq before he was against it, just like 99% of Democrats who, after G.W. Bush was elected, proceeded to commit treason by politicizing a war they had voted for. Public Law 105-338 (the “Iraq Liberation Act”) signed into law by Clinton Oct 31, 1998. This is only one of several laws and policies with regard to Iraq which were implemented first in the Clinton administration, even though Democrats and mainstream media try to blame G.W. Bush for this war. It was this Act that was cited as authorization for President Clinton to use U.S. military to enforce a no-fly zone over most of Iraq, which included bombing Iraq, killing Iraqi civilians and military, shooting down planes and helicopters, special forces on the ground and arming and covertly supporting military acts with anti-Saddam forces in-country. It was this Act that was cited as authorization for G.W. Bush in 2002, post 9-11, to remove Saddam Hussein. President G.W. Bush had the opportunity to halt the Iraq invasion before it began when a CIA operative and her CIA officer and a UN Ambassador negotiated Saddam’s complete surrender under very favorable terms for the U.S. Deplorably, President Bush and his administration jailed the CIA operative without due process.
In addition, there were multiple, large contingents of Iraqis who also wanted regime change in Iraq, including the Iraq National Congress, which released the following statement upon Clinton’s signing of the Act, “Saddam is the problem and he cannot be part of any solution in Iraq. Therefore, President Clinton’s action today is the most appropriate response to Saddam. Let him know that Iraqis will rise up to liberate themselves from his totalitarian dictatorship and that the US is ready to help their democratic forces with arms to do so. Only then will the trail of tragedy in Iraq end. Only then will Iraq be free of weapons of mass destruction.”
“Our Constitution was made only for a moral and religious people. It is wholly inadequate to the government of any other.” ~ U.S. President John Adams
Related posts on my blog:
Bud,
Socialist, Marxists, Communists and dedicated Democrats are as religious as the most dedicated Muslim. Their religion is their meaning in life. History, facts, data can’t dent their faith. [Biden is a brilliant master of the universe (Until he isn’t.) Kamala is a source of joy (except for her staff and its 92% attrition rate)] The comrades religiously confirm their shared beliefs and religiously attack and persecute (and prosecute) the heretics with the confidence of the Wahhabi. They are the forty-percent of our population who believe the emperor with no clothes has clothes. Their faith in their superiority justifies their Machiavellian war for power.
During next week’s debate, let’s hope Trump can stick to the facts and the data that supports him and avoids the generalities and name calling. Underestimating Kamala, who is supported by the Democratic media and who is not restricted by the truth is a worthy debater.
J
If the above link on Twitter is disappeared or does not play, then please let me know.
If you are not familiar with ICLEI, here is their site, and probably your local government is onboard: https://iclei.org/
This links to a detailed science paper in Nature as well as links to a less technical summary of the science paper. The article does not address the spike proteins which are produced by humans in their cells for unknown time periods by so-called mRNA “vaccines” and boosters.
Link to full pdf of science paper
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07873-4 to read science paper online
Article about the science paper by Marina Zhang in Epoch Times.
Link to Marina Zhang’s article in ZeroHedge thanks and hat tip to Tyler Durden.
budbromley 
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