budbromley

CO₂ “crisis” is a “tempest in a teapot” or a “storm in a teacup.”

“Excitabat fluctus in simpulo” ~ Cicero, in De Legibus, circa 52 BC

Consider a pot of boiling water.  If more water is added to the pot, the boiling point of the water does not change.  The time required to boil the water changes and/or the amount of heat required to boil the water changes, but the boiling point does not change.  The boiling point does change under certain other conditions, for example if salt or other substances are added to the water or when boiling water at high altitudes or reduced air pressure.  The boiling point of water (212 degrees F or 100 degrees C) at standard pressure (1 atmosphere) and temperature (25 degrees C) (STP) is an intensive property of matter.   Another example of an intensive property of matter is molecular weight.  Addition or subtraction of an amount of material does not change its molecular weight.

Another example of an intensive property of matter is the solubility of a gas in a liquid.  Gas solubility in a liquid is the ratio of the concentration of a gas versus concentration of that same gas in the liquid where the gas and liquid are in contact and free exchange of molecules at the surface.  That ratio does not change when more of the specific gas is added to the air nor when that gas is subtracted from the air.  The solubility ratio is fixed for a given temperature and combination of gas and liquid, except under certain other conditions as described below.  

The solubility ratio of a gas in contact with a liquid is defined in Henry’s Law, which is described for many different gas – liquid combinations and conditions in the experiments of William Henry in the 1800’s.  Like boiling point, certain conditions apply.

At a specified temperature, in a two-phase system of a gas phase in contact with a liquid phase, and where the gas is a minor component, and when only the gas which has not reacted with the liquid is considered, the Henry’s coefficient is expressed as:  

k_H = c(CO₂ aqueous) divided by c(CO₂ gas)

• where c(CO₂ aqueous) is the concentration in moles of aqueous CO₂ gas per mole of water, and
• c(CO₂ gas) is the concentration in moles of CO₂ gas in atmosphere per mole of atmosphere.

A mole is 6.022 X 10²³ units of anything.  For CO₂ concentration, the units are molecules of CO₂.  A mole of CO₂ is 6.022 X 10²³ molecules of CO₂ whether those CO₂ molecules are in air, water, ocean or beer.  It is known as the Avogadro’s number.  That is 6022 followed by 20 zeros.

To determine the concentration of a gas in equilibrium with a liquid at a specific temperature, the k_H ratio for that gas-liquid combination is multiplied by the specified temperature in Kelvin at the gas-liquid exchange surface.  At k_H equilibrium for a specified temperature, the number of molecules emitted from the liquid surface equals the number of molecules absorbed in the liquid surface.  Absorption and emission are continuous.  CO₂ gas molecules in air continuously collide with ocean surface, and in response CO₂ molecules will be emitted into air, thus keeping the k_H ratio constant at that temperature. 

The concentration of CO₂ in water is inversely proportional to the temperature at the air-water exchange surface, which is primarily the surface of the ocean.  Increasing or decreasing the area of ocean surface at a specific temperature changes the rate of net emission or net absorption. Agitation of surface by waves, currents, storms can increase the rate of change by 10 to 100 times. Colder water absorbs and retains more CO₂ gas than warmer water.  We all know this because our soda drink or beer retains its pleasant bubbles when it is kept cold. If your soda pop becomes warm, the fizz is gone. If your soda pop is shaken, the fizz is gone.  

Ocean surface is greater than 70% of Earth’s surface.  Since ocean surface temperatures are changing for many different reasons, CO₂ gas concentration in air and ocean surface are continuously changing. Henry’s Law is a dynamic equilibrium.

We find the Henry’s Law coefficient k_H in reference books and online for many combinations of gases and liquids, under various temperatures and also under the few additional conditions that apply.  For example, in local conditions, salinity of the liquid becomes a variable.  Salinity includes all the dissolved and ionized minerals in the liquid, for example phosphates, not only sodium chloride salt.  Also the alkalinity or pH of the liquid, and the partial of pressure of the gas in the air are important in local conditions.  Biological activity in local waters is important; some activity such as rotting adds CO₂ and reduces pH, while other activity such as photosynthesis by planktons removes CO₂. These conditions result in local changes in CO₂ concentration and local adjustment to the Henry’s ratio. Conditions other than temperature generally offset each other and cancel in global averages.

The k_H is different for each gas and liquid combination and each combination varies with temperature of the surface.  For example, Henry’s law also applies to oxygen O₂ and its solubility in ocean and in your blood and in the water in and around tissues in your lungs and gills of fish.   

One implication of Henry’s Law is that human additions or subtractions of CO₂ have no medium or long term effect on global CO₂ concentration and thus no effect on global warming.  Total CO₂ in the atmosphere is around 400 molecules of CO₂ per 1,000,000 molecules of air.  As explained in this paper, and contrary to what most people have been taught, human CO₂ cannot cause increasing CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere.  Human CO₂ is absorbed and emitted into air and ocean continuously along with all other CO₂.  By analogy, humans adding CO₂ to the air by using fossil fuels is like adding more water to the teapot.  The boiling point of the water does not change.  The ratio of CO₂ in the air versus CO₂ in the water does not change by adding more CO₂.  Adding or subtracting CO₂ changes the time required to re-establish equilibrium. Any CO₂ amount absorbed into ocean in excess of the Henry’s ratio is ionized and combines with water to become either carbonic acid or bicarbonate, thus removing the excess CO₂ from the Henry’s Law equilibrium. And vice versa. When ocean surface is warmed, the carbonic acid and bicarbonate reactions reverse and aqueous CO₂ gas is produced in the water surface, increasing aqueous CO2 gas in the Henry’s ratio, then CO₂ gas is emitted to air until the Henry’s Law ratio for that temperature is achieved. This is a continuous dynamic equilibrium.

El Nino events are ocean currents that periodically bring cold water from deep ocean that is very dense with CO₂ and dissolved inorganic carbon. This water warms and expands as it rises to the surface. This can result in aqueous CO₂ in ocean surface in excess of the Henry’s ratio and large emission of CO₂ into the atmosphere where these El Nino’s reach the surface.

Fortunately, more CO₂ is better for the environment, plants, animals, and humans.  But humans cannot claim any responsibility for these benefits nor are humans responsible for any alleged negative consequences of higher or lower CO₂ concentration.   Changes in CO₂ concentration in air are caused by the many different conditions that affect ocean surface temperature and land surface temperature such as clouds, humidity, seasons, solar and planetary cycles, etc.  Fortunately for all life, CO₂ concentration in air is not affected by humans.  Atmospheric CO₂ concentration today is the same as it would be if humans never existed.  The atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, argon and the other gases are beyond our mortal human pay grade. 

Water surface, primarily ocean surface, absorbs any additional atmospheric CO₂ which exceeds the Henry’s partition ratio, returning the equilibrium partition ratio for a specific temperature of the air-water interchange surface. Thus, the rate of change of CO₂ concentration (i.e., its velocity or time derivative) is a function of the area of the air-water interchange surface at the specific temperature; this is CO₂ flux, which is the directional vector quantity of units of mass moving through an amount of surface area per unit of time.  Millions of square kilometers of tropical ocean surface is above 25 degrees C on average year round, day and night.  That ocean surface on average will be emitting CO₂ into air.  Offsetting that is millions of square kilometers of ocean surface in northern and southern temperate and arctic zones which are below 25 degrees C.  This colder ocean surface on average will be absorbing CO₂ gas.  In both cold water and warm water both emission and absorption are continuous at equilibrium.  It is a dynamic equilibrium mediated by temperature at the air-ocean exchange interface, i.e., mostly ocean surface.   Changes in CO₂ concentration closely follow (within months) changes in sea surface temperature (SST).

Voters everywhere should be challenging their politicians, bureaucrats, teachers and media about their continuing misrepresentation of facts and science and the attempt to extract from us, according to the global consulting company McKinsey, more than $9 trillion per year allegedly to reduce human CO₂ emissions.  Human CO₂ emissions can be reduced, but that will not change or reduce atmospheric CO₂ concentration in air and will not change or reduce any global warming alleged to be occurring. The climate change agenda is a fool’s errand and they are attempting to make fools of the entire human population by alleging a non-existent crisis, banning truth tellers, needlessly scaring adults and children and in the process enriching themselves and their cronies.

In the U.S., the EPA’s ruling known as a Final Endangerment Finding must be repealed.  In this ruling, EPA’s administrator defined carbon dioxide as an endangerment to U.S. citizens.  The ruling has never been voted on by Congress.  It is not a law.  Two EPA administrators have refused to turn over to Congress the science or other basis by which the ruling was made.  It was reported that EPA Administrator Lisa Jackson was held in contempt of Congress and resigned. No court has ruled or even heard a case on the merits or demerits of the science of EPA’s ruling.  But in the U.S. alone, this EPA Final Endangerment Finding is costing taxpayers many millions of dollars per year in increased debt at all levels of government and increasing the cost of all forms of energy. Increasing energy cost increases the price of almost everything.    

In all countries, wherever you live, your government, most media, most educators, most entertainers, and many companies especially bankers, along with the United Nations, the European Union, the World Health Organization, the World Economic Forum are attempting to scare you so that they can control you, including taking your money, your private property, your freedom of speech and other rights.  If you do nothing, they will succeed.  This tempest has nothing to do with the environment or climate.

Wherever you are, vote against politicians who support the so-called climate change agenda.  Elect politicians who will stop bureaucrats, government and corporations from robbing you.  This taxation without representation must stop.  It is a global fraud and we must elect politicians who will prosecute the fraudsters. Stop schools from miseducating and scaring children and young people with the global warming dogma; this is child abuse.

There is no climate crisis. There is a human-created false narrative, a tempest, a global fraud.

https://pinatubostudy.com/pinatuboreport.html

at ClimateCite.com

#ClimateChange #IPCC #GlobalWarming #ClimateCrisis #Sustainability #NetZero #EPA #EndangermentFinding #CO2 #ClimatePolicy #EnergyPolicy #FossilFuel #Henry’sLaw

By David Wojick |May 10th, 2022|Climate|129 Comments

CLINTEL is collecting signatures on a great thing called the World Climate Declaration or WCD. I gladly signed it awhile back and they just hit 1,000 signatures.

I am here putting the word out, so that others may sign. It is a powerful statement of skepticism. You do not have to agree with ever word to sign.

The World Climate Declaration is here: https://clintel.org/world-climate-declaration/

The WCD with all but the most recent signatories is here: https://clintel.org/wcd-version-042722/

You can apply to sign here: https://clintel.org/want-to-sign/

Here are some key passages from the World Climate Declaration:

“THERE IS NO CLIMATE EMERGENCY

Climate science should be less political, while climate policies should be more scientific. Scientists should openly address uncertainties and exaggerations in their predictions of global warming, while politicians should dispassionately count the real costs as well as the imagined benefits of their policy measures.

Natural as well as anthropogenic factors cause warming

The geological archive reveals that Earth’s climate has varied as long as the planet has existed, with natural cold and warm phases. The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850. Therefore, it is no surprise that we now are experiencing a period of warming.

Warming is far slower than predicted

The world has warmed significantly less than predicted by IPCC on the basis of modeled anthropogenic forcing. The gap between the real world and the modeled world tells us that we are far from understanding climate change.

Climate policy relies on inadequate models

Climate models have many shortcomings and are not remotely plausible as global policy tools. They blow up the effect of greenhouse gases such as CO2. In addition, they ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial.

CO2 is plant food, the basis of all life on Earth

CO2 is not a pollutant. It is essential to all life on Earth. Photosynthesis is a blessing. More CO2 is beneficial for nature, greening the Earth: additional CO2 in the air has promoted growth in global plant biomass. It is also good for agriculture, increasing the yields of crops worldwide.

Global warming has not increased natural disasters

There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying hurricanes, floods, droughts and suchlike natural disasters, or making them more frequent. However, there is ample evidence that CO2-mitigation measures are as damaging as they are costly.

Climate policy must respect scientific and economic realities

There is no climate emergency. Therefore, there is no cause for panic and alarm. We strongly oppose the harmful and unrealistic net-zero CO2 policy proposed for 2050. If better approaches emerge, and they certainly will, we have ample time to reflect and re-adapt. The aim of global policy should be ‘prosperity for all’ by providing reliable and affordable energy at all times.”

End of WCD quotes.

In announcing the 1,000 signature milestone, CLINTEL President Guus Berkhout puts it very succinctly, saying this:

“CO2 budgets are not based on science, but they are based on fear. They destroy the energy system, limit human rights, feed extremism and push mankind into a deep physical, mental, and financial crisis. It is clear that citizens throughout the world don’t want to become poor and, above all, they don’t want to live in a culture of fear. The World Climate Declaration (WCD) has brought a large variety of international scientists and engineers together to combine forces. The considerable knowledge and experience of this growing group is an invaluable asset in fighting successfully against the rich Great Reset elites.”

“Three years after the founding of the Climate Intelligence Foundation we welcome the one thousandth signatory of the World Climate Declaration. A global network of 1000 scientists, engineers, and other experts agree there is no climate emergency. They do not agree on all aspects of the climate debate, but Clintel welcomes and encourages differing views on climate and robust climate policy debate.”

I urge all knowledgeable skeptics to seriously consider signing the World Climate Declaration.

Author

• David WojickDavid Wojick, Ph.D. is an independent analyst working at the intersection of science, technology and policy. For origins see http://www.stemed.info/engineer_tackles_confusion.html For over 100 prior articles for CFACT see http://www.cfact.org/author/david-wojick-ph-d/ Available for confidential research and consulting.

The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) examined the public records of Memphis, Tennessee and found that the zip codes containing a higher number of handgun permit holders had the lowest burglary rates. Their findings were contrary to NBER’s expectations.

GUNS, PRIVACY, AND CRIME:

Working Paper 29940
http://www.nber.org/papers/w29940

Twitter is still shadow banning as of today. May 5, 2022.

I replied today to Michael “hockey stick” Mann with a quote from a peer-reviewed study which he co-authored. Immediately I was asked by Twitter to take the shadow test. I answered all 15 shadow tests correctly to prove I was human, and Twitter said so. Tried to post, then Twitter message is ‘sorry something went wrong.’ Exit and try again, and there is the shadow test again. And again.

“Your account is locked. After careful review, we determined your account broke the Twitter Rules. Your account is temporarily in read-only mode, which means you can’t Tweet, Retweet, or Like content. Most accounts regain full access in a week, but it could take longer.”

Here’s the quote I posted:

Michael Mann with others in the journal Nature Geoscience: “Over most of the early twenty-first century, however, model tropospheric warming is substantially larger than observed.” (Santer et al., 2017)

In other words, their computer models substantially overestimate the global warming alleged to occur in the real world.

Here is the reference:

Santer, et al.,2017. Causes of differences in model and satellite tropospheric warming rates. By Benjamin D. Santer1 *, John C. Fyfe2 , Giuliana Pallotta1 , Gregory M. Flato , Gerald A. Meehl , Matthew H. England , Ed Hawkins , Michael E. Mann , Jeffrey F. Painter , Céline Bonfils , Ivana Cvijanovic , Carl Mears , Frank J. Wentz , Stephen Po-Chedley , Qiang Fu and Cheng-Zhi Zou.  Nature Geoscience. 19 JUNE 2017 | DOI: 10.1038/NGEO2973

Reference link to pdf:

5 minute video

“I don’t want guardrails. I want you to have nothing to do with speech. You think we can’t determine, you know, speech by traffickers in disinformation,” Senator Rand Paul said. “Do you think the American people are so stupid they need you to tell them what the truth is? You can’t even admit what the truth is with the Steele dossier. I don’t trust government to figure out what the truth is. Government is largely disseminating disinformation.”

Paul noted that he has been accused of spreading COVID-19 disinformation in the past,  and asked Mayorkas if his Disinformation Governance Board – the concept of which has received criticism from both sides of the political aisle as being “Orwellian” – would essentially step on his rights to free speech.

“I’ve said a million times that cloth masks don’t work. YouTube takes me down. They’re a private company, I can have that beef with him. What about you? You’re going to look at that?” he asked. “I often say that natural immunity from having had the infection is equal to the vaccine or better. You’re going to take that down? Are you going to put information out there saying that I’m spreading disinformation?”

“I have a greater respect for the American people than you do. I think the American people can figure out the truth,” Paul said. “And if you think the American people need to be told there’s not fentanyl in the vaccination, feel free to say it. But the thing is, is if you are going to go around saying that you’re the arbiter of information and of disinformation, I think you have no clue. And you don’t have the perspective of history knowing that disinformation, the largest progenitor of disinformation in our history, has probably been the U.S. government.”

U.S. Senator Rand Paul (Republican of Kentucky) criticizing U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas over the Biden Administration’s plans to create a “Disinformation Governance Board” (DGB) which would be tasked with policing the internet for false information regarding the upcoming 2022 midterm elections, among other subjects.  DHS would be tasked with running the DGB.

“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.” First Amendment to U.S. Constitution. Passed by Congress September 25, 1789. Ratified December 15, 1791. 

It is Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas’s duty, and the sworn duty of Joe Biden and his administration to protect that right.  They have no authority to amendment it or regulate it.  Presidents and members of government should be impeached for such offense and dereliction of sworn duty.

Perhaps you thought for a momentito that Biden+Harris were fairly elected. Perhaps you thought that Americans had moved left from their founding fathers and away from God.

None of that is true.

The question now is how do we rid ourselves of the pernicious vermin in politics, government, law, media, business and education who are negligent and/or derelict of duty?

This is not a partisan issue.

02 May 2022

The Soviets had their KGB, now we have our DGB

The Soviets had their KGB for security, now we have our DGB in the well-armed Department of Homeland Security.  We are now all relieved of the effort to identify the truth.  Government bureaucrats will do it for us.  They call themselves authorities on the subject and we are supposed to believe them and become ignorant serfs.  Their success as “Climate Change” authorities and as “Pandemic” authorities has paved the way for their general declaration of themselves as “Truth” authorities.

All Hail to the Disinformation Governance Board.  They tell us it is going to emphasize correcting information taken up in minority groups.  This is a clear indication that the Democrat authoritarians are worried that they are losing the massive vote tallies they have long counted on from many minority groups.  The mid-term elections cannot come soon enough if we are to maintain freedom of speech.

Posted by Charles R. Anderson, Ph.D. at Monday, May 02, 2022  

Labels: authoritarians, DGB, DHS, Disinformation Governance Board, freedom of speech, KGB, serfs, truth

No comments:

The US and anyone else interested (which leaves out most of the press) knew what happened to Iraq’s WMD. A U.S. government press conference released satellite photos and described Russian special forces in convoy moving the WMD through Syria to pits and caves in the Bekka (Beqaa) valley.

“Satellite photo of hundreds of trucks systematically leaving an Iraqi weapons depot in early 2003.” (That is the DOD label on the photo captured from screen. )

The U.S. government spokesman John A Shaw was fired and the story mostly disappeared. However, other events events linked to this and confirmed it. At the time, supposedly, relations between U.S. and Russia were warming and friendly so the story of the WMD’s was uncomfortable for international relations.

https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/oct/28/20041028-122637-6257r/

John A. Shaw, the US deputy undersecretary of defense for international technology security, said in an interview that he believes the Russian troops, working with Iraqi intelligence, “almost certainly” removed the high-explosive material that went missing from the Al-Qaqaa facility, south of Baghdad. “The Russians brought in, just before the war got started, a whole series of military units,” Mr. Shaw said. “Their main job was to shred all evidence of any of the contractual arrangements they had with the Iraqis. The others were transportation units.”

https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/oct/28/20041028-115519-3700r/

Mr. Shaw, who was in charge of cataloging the tons of conventional arms provided to Iraq by foreign suppliers, said he recently obtained reliable information on the arms-dispersal program from two European intelligence services that have detailed knowledge of the Russian-Iraqi weapons collaboration.
Most of Saddam’s most powerful arms were systematically separated from other arms like mortars, bombs and rockets, and sent to Syria and Lebanon, and possibly to Iran, he said. The Russian involvement in helping disperse Saddam’s weapons, including some 380 tons of RDX and HMX, is still being investigated, Mr. Shaw said. The RDX and HMX, which are used to manufacture high-explosive and nuclear weapons, are probably of Russian origin, he said.

Bill Gertz’s said Shaw’s information came from his Ukranian-American aid who was a personal friend of David Nicholas, a Western ambassador in Kiev, and of Igor Smesko, head of Ukrainian intelligence.

Smesko had been a military attaché in Washington in the early 1990s when Ukraine first became independent.  Much more at:http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2006/2/18/233023.shtml?s=lh

The disappearance of the material was reported in a letter Oct. 10 from the Iraqi government to the International Atomic Energy Agency.

Disclosure of the missing explosives Monday in a New York Times story was used by the Democratic presidential campaign of Sen. John Kerry, who accused the Bush administration of failing to secure the material. A second defense official said documents on the Russian support to Iraq reveal that Saddam’s government paid the Kremlin for the special forces to provide security for Iraq’s Russian arms

The Russian generals who led the special forces operation Iraq received medals in a ceremony back in Russia. WMD were later blown up in the caves and field in Lebanon by clandestine operations. (Guess who?) Those were the most dangerous weapons that had been supplied by Soviets/Russia. Other dangerous chemical and biological weapons were moved to other areas. Many remaining in Iraq were blown up by Saddam’s forces. Mostly old, less dangerous and out of date WMD remained and small numbers of those were found.

By late June 2003, Israeli Air Force commander Halutz was confident enough to predict that Iraq’s WMD would be found, probably in Syria. The West identified Mustafa Tlas, the Syrian defense minister, as the man in charge of the secret WMD transfers to Lebanon and Syria from Baghdad, Tikrit and al-Qaim. The intelligence indicated some weapons were destroyed, some left in Iraq underground, and others sent to other countries. Much of it was buried under an army base in northern Syria and in huge pits made by Syrian engineers in Lebanon’s Bekaa Valley.[

Towards the end of summer 2003, Israel identified the placement of Iraqi WMD goods in Hezbollah-controlled Lebanon. Israeli spy satellites had captured on film several tractor-trailers filled with Iraqi weapons (they assessed them to be WMD later) in the Bekka Valley. The weapons were then connected to strange shipments that occurred between January and the first week of March 2003. Additional information indicated that Saddam Hussein paid Bashar Assad, Syria’s president, approximately $35 million to hide the supplies. (Geostrategy-Direct.com, August 19, 2003.) Not long after this was reported, additional press reports indicated that privately the United States had begun to suspect that the theory about WMDs in Lebanon to be correct.

The US concurred that there was evidence that the weapons were in the Bekka Valley, near cells of Iraqi intelligence agents, Hezbollah strongholds, and presences of Syrian and Iranian intelligence cells. (World Tribune, August 25, 2003) Jane’s Foreign Report confirmed the assessment that Syria was hiding Iraq’s weapons among its own stockpiles. Jane’s also reported that Syria appeared to be using Iraqi expertise in its chemical weapons tests. (Jane’s Foreign Report, July 29, 2003.)

The Wall Street Journal’s Robert Goldberg has cited a bioterrorism expert explaining that Russia was Iraq’s main supplier of materials and technical know-how to make anthrax, smallpox and botulism. Former UN inspector Richard Spertzel reports that Russia gave Iraq some fermentation equipment to produce biological weapons, and that Russians on his UN inspection team were “paranoid” about his efforts to uncover Iraq’s smallpox production. Goldberg explained that no nation has helped Iraq rebuild WMDs more than Russia.

The highest-ranking Communist bloc defector, former spy, Ion Mihai Pacepa says he knows first-hand that the Operation Emergency Exit was applied to Iraq, because Ceausescu, Brezhnev, Andropov and Primakov all informed him about it. (Washington Times, “Ex-spy fingers Russians on WMD” by Ion Mihai Pacepa.)

On March 26th, 2003 US troops south of Baghdad found Russian chemical warheads with a launcher and a chemical weapons specialist. A reporter with the U.S. Third Infantry Division confirmed the incident. (Newsmax.com, April 4, 2003. Newsmax.com, April 3, 2003.)

Despite the appearance of WMD investigations during the Iraq war, nothing real was heard about all of this in mainstream media at the time because U.S. and Russian were considered “allies.”

The Kay Report has a massive amount of evidence against the Iraqi regime. Among the information is that documents prove that Iraq signed a $10 million contract with North Korea to receive the technology and equipment to make intermediate-range ballistic missiles (the supplies never came). And on the subject of missiles, Kay proved that Iraq was preparing fuel in 2002 that can only be used in SCUD missiles. The Kay Interim Report can be viewed here: 

http://www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/speeches/2003/david_kay_10022003.html

In addition to the Soviets and Russians, the U.S. provided Saddam with chemical weapons during the Iraq-Iran War, so the U.S. knew those were there. France and Russia provided Saddam with nuclear technology. Before the 2003 U.S.-led invasion, Israel blew up Saddam’s nuclear plant. Germany was providing Saddam with bunker building capability, and many were found in Iraq.

Above – except for the photo and my memory of news conference – is excerpted from a longer report: “WMD: Believe Iraq or Believe the Evidence?” Compiled By: Ryan Mauro
tdcanalyst@optonline.net

http://www.worldthreats.com