Roy Spencer, PhD. (attached pdf.) and Murry Salby, PhD. (video link and text excerpt below), Tom Segalstad, PhD., (excerpts and links below and paper attached as pdf) and Edwin X Berry, PhD., (excerpt and link below and pdf attached) and Werner Stumm, PhD., have explained the problems with IPCC claimed carbon isotope “proof.”  Key excerpts and links to these works are presented here.  Brief bios of these scientists are below.

At this link is an excellent video lecture by Professor Murry Salby, PhD. The problem with the isotope “proof” is explained beginning at the 25-minute mark. https://youtu.be/b1cGqL9y548 

The following is quoted from Professor Salby’s 2012 book, “The upward trend of CO2 is commonly ascribed to emission by human activities. Support for this interpretation comes from isotopes of carbon. Carbon 13, like carbon 12, is stable. It represents about 1% of the isotopic composition of CO2. However, its concentration varies between reservoirs of carbon. Vegetation and ancestral carbon, fossil fuel, are slightly leaner in 13C than is the atmosphere.” (6)

(6) Reflecting increased efficiency of photosynthesis with the lighter form of carbon.

“Proxy evidence of δ13C is more variable than that of rCO2 [atmospheric mixing ratio of CO2]. It also has little overlap with the more recent instrumental record (crosses). Nevertheless, reconstructed δ13C decreased over the last two centuries, mirroring the contemporaneous increase of rCO2.”

“The decrease of δ13C, together with the increase of rCO2, reflects the addition of CO2 that is 13C lean. This feature is consistent with the combustion of fossil fuel, as well as biomass destruction.  It is equally consistent, however, with the decomposition of organic matter derived from vegetation. Thus, associating the decrease of δ13C to the combustion of fossil fuel requires the exclusion of other sources that are 13C lean. In particular, it relies on CO2 emission from the ocean, which overshadows other sources of CO2 (Sec. 17.3), having the same isotopic composition as the atmosphere (which would then be left unchanged). Only then can the decrease of δ13C be isolated to continental sources, which are weaker and, in particular, to the combustion of fossil fuel, which is an order of magnitude weaker. Yet, the isotopic composition of marine organic matter is influenced by a variety of biological and environmental factors (Francois et al., 1993; Goericke et al., 1994). Through those factors, δ13C in the upper ocean varies significantly. Along with transport from the deep ocean, which is likewise uncertain, they leave the magnitude and composition of ocean emission poorly understood (Sec. 1.6.2).” ~ Salby, Murry. Physics of the Atmosphere and Climate, page 24. 2012. Cambridge University Press.  https://climatecite.com/physics-of-the-atmosphere-and-climate-pt-1/

Tom V. Segalstad, PhD. explains: “Carbon Isotopes and Mass Balance Calculations Stable 13C/12C isotope ratios, expressed as delta 13C vs. PDB [Pee Dee Belemnite], provide the only way to determine unequivocally the fraction of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere. The natural atmospheric CO2 reservoir has delta 13C ~= -7‰ when in isotopic equilibrium with marine HCO3- (aq) and CaCO3 (s). CO2 gas from burning of fossil-fuel and biogenic materials has delta 13C ~= -26‰ (Ohmoto and Rye, 1979; Deines,1980).”

“IPCC identifies 280 ppmv (ppm by volume) as the preindustrial CO2 value, but that may be arbitrarily influenced by the selection of low-value CO2 data from ice cores (where measured values up to 7,400 ppmv were omitted), as well as from them is matching of contemporary measurements with different ages (Jaworowski et al., 1992a; 1992b). IPCC claims the rise in CO2 to 353 ppmv in 1990, and 379 ppmv in 2005, is due only to anthropogenic CO2 (IPCC, 1990; 2007).”

“The delta 13C value reported for atmospheric CO2 was-7.489‰ in December 1978, decreasing 10 years later to -7.807‰ in December 1988 (Keeling et al., 1989). If the resultant decrease were solely the product of mixing natural CO2 with CO2 produced from the burning of fossil fuels or plants (~79% / ~21% CO2 mix; lifetime 50–200 years; IPCC, 1990), the current atmospheric CO2 delta 13C value should be -11, much lower than reported (Segalstad, 1992; 2008).”

“The December 1988 atmospheric CO2 composition has been computed for its 748 Gt C (Gt =1015 g) total mass and delta 13C value of   -7.807‰ for three components: (1) natural fraction remaining from the preindustrial atmosphere, (2) cumulative fraction remaining from all annual fossil-fuel CO2 emissions, and (3) carbon isotope mass-balanced natural fraction. The masses of component (1) and (2) were computed for different atmospheric lifetimes of CO2 (Segalstad,1992).” 

“The result fits a lifetime of about five years, in agreement with 14C studies (see Sundquist, 1985;Segalstad, 1998; 2009; for further references). The mass of all past fossil-fuel and biogenic emissions remaining in the current atmosphere was -30 Gt C or less; i.e. a maximum of around 4% of the total, corresponding to an atmospheric concentration of approximately 14 ppmv. The implication of the five-year lifetime is that approximately 135 Gt C (18%) of the atmospheric CO2 is dynamically exchanged each year (Segalstad, 1992; 1996; 1998; 2008).” 

“The above calculations also demonstrate that over this 10-year period (1978–1988), at least 96% of the atmospheric CO2 is attributed to non-fossil-fuel sources, and this percentage has not likely varied much in the years since. Hence, it is clear marine degassing and juvenile degassing from sources such as volcanoes must be much more important for the atmospheric CO2 budget than the burning of fossil-fuels and biogenic materials. IPCC has failed to recognize this conclusion.” ~ Segalstad, Tom V., (17) (PDF) Some thoughts on ocean chemistry (Chapter 6.3.1.2). Available from this link: [accessed Sep 23 2022]. 

A longer refutation of the IPCC’s isotope “proof” by Tom V. Segalstad is attached as pdf, which includes an extensive list of references.  Conclusion: “The atmospheric CO2 level is ultimately determined by geologic processes. The carbon on the Earth’s surface has come from CO2 degassing of the Earth’s interior, which has released about half of its estimated CO2 contents throughout Earth’s history during the 4,500 million years up to now (Holland, 1984). Important geologic processes are volcanism and erosion, releasing carbon from the lithosphere and the Earth’s interior to the atmosphere – ocean – biosphere system. These processes are counteracted by sedimentation of carbonate and organic carbon in the hydrosphere (mainly the ocean). The balance between these two main processes determines the CO2 level in the atmosphere (e.g., Kramer, 1965; McDuff & Morel, 1980; Walker & Drever, 1988; Holmén, 1992). “Thus, while seawater alkalinity is directly controlled by the formation of calcium carbonate as its major sedimentary sink, it is also controlled indirectly by carbonate metamorphism which buffers the CO2 content of the atmosphere” (McDuff 18 & Morel, 1980).” ~ Segalstad, Tom V., Carbon cycle modelling and the residence time of natural and anthropogenic atmospheric CO2: on the construction of the “Greenhouse Effect Global Warming” dogma. Pdf attached.

“Partitioning of CO2 between atmosphere and hydrosphere is governed by Henry’s Law,
implying that 50-60 times more CO2 is dissolved in the oceans than in the atmosphere. Due to the retrograde solubility of CO2 in water, less CO2 will be dissolved in water at higher temperatures.” Segalstad, Tom V., 33rd International Geological Congress (Session TC), Oslo, Norway 6 – 14 August 2008.

A detailed discussion of the chemistry is presented in Aquatic chemistry : chemical equilibria and rates in natural waters, chapter 4.9 Carbon Isotopes and Isotope Fractionation, by Stumm, Werner. Publication date 1996.   https://archive.org/details/aquaticchemistry0000stum/page/194/mode/2up   pages 195-205.

Enrichment of the heavier, stable isotope ¹³CO₂ is naturally occurring in the ocean.   The lighter isotope ¹²CO₂ is preferentially vaporized out of the ocean surface into air.  “The distribution factor has been experimentally determined (Deuger & Degens, 1967).”  Enrichment of the heavier isotope ¹³CO₂ in the ocean surface is “9.2% at 0 degrees C and 6.8% at 30 degrees C.  This fractionation occurs predominantly in the hydration stage and not during the passage of the atmospheric carbon dioxide through the air-water interface; that is, the reaction

 ¹³CO₂(g) + ¹²CO₂(aq) <-> ¹²CO₂(g) + ¹³CO₂(aq)

has an equilibrium constant of K = alpha = 1.0.”  (Stumm, W. 1996. page 200)

Dr. Stumm’s book provides a specific reference on this topic:  Sarmiento, J. L. (1993) Ocean Carbon Cycle: Most of the Carbon Released from Fossil Fuels Will End Up in the Oceans Where a Complex Cycle of Circulation and Other Processes Control Its Fate. Chem. Eng. News 72, No. 22 (May 31), 30-43.

Edwin X. Berry, PhD., summarizes problems with the IPCC model from a slightly different perspective in the abstract of his paper, which includes extensive references.  (Link below and attached as pdf): “The Physics Model has only one hypothesis, that outflow is proportional to level. The Physics Model exactly replicates the 14C data from 1970 to 2014 with only two physical parameters: balance level and e-time. The 14C data trace how CO₂ flows out of the atmosphere. The Physics Model shows the 14 CO₂ e-time is a constant 16.5 years. Other data show e-time for 12CO₂ is about 4 to 5 years. IPCC claims human CO₂ reduces ocean buffer capacity. But that would increase e-time. The constant e-time proves IPCC’s claim is false. IPCC argues that the human-caused reduction of 14C and 13C in the atmosphere prove human CO₂ causes all the increase in atmospheric CO₂. However, numbers show these isotope data support the Physics Model and reject the IPCC model. The Physics Model shows how inflows of human and natural CO₂ into the atmosphere set balance levels proportional to their inflows. Each balance level remains constant if its inflow remains constant. Continued constant CO₂ emissions do not add more CO₂ to the atmosphere. No CO₂ accumulates in the atmosphere. Present human CO₂ inflow produces a balance level of about 18 ppm. Present natural CO₂ inflow produces a balance level of about 392 ppm. Human CO₂ is insignificant to the increase of CO₂ in the atmosphere. Increased natural CO₂ inflow has increased the level of CO₂ in the atmosphere.” ~ Edwin X. Berry, Human CO2 Emissions Have Little Effect on Atmospheric CO2, International Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. Volume 3, Issue 1, June 2019 , pp. 13-26. doi: 10.11648/j.ijaos.20190301.13.

 https://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo?journalid=298&doi=10.11648/j.ijaos.20190301.13

————–

Bios

• Edwin Berry, PhD. is CEO of Climate Physics, LLC, in Bigfork, Montana. He received his BS in Engineering from Caltech, his MA in Physics from Dartmouth, and his PhD in Physics from the University of Nevada.  At Dartmouth, Berry studied probability and Markov chains and philosophy of science under John Kemeny, a student of Albert Einstein. At Nevada, Berry studied physics under Friedwart Winterberg, Heisenberg’s best student, and William T. Scott.  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4699-0866

• Murry Lewis Salby, PhD., deceased 2022, received his doctorate in environmental dynamics in 1978 at the Georgia Institute of Technology.  He was an American atmospheric scientist who focused on upper atmospheric wave propagation. He wrote two textbooks, Fundamentals of Atmospheric Physics (1996), and Physics of the Atmosphere and Climate (2012).

• Tom V. Segalstad, PH.D. is associate professor of resource and environmental geology at the University of Oslo and head of the university’s Geological Museum. Dr. Segalstad has conducted research, publishing, and teaching in geochemistry, mineralogy, petrology, volcanology, structural geology.

• Roy W. Spencer, PhD. received his Ph.D. in meteorology from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1982.  He is principal research scientist at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, and the U.S. Science Team leader for the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) on NASA’s Aqua satellite. He has served as senior scientist for climate studies at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center and is known for his satellite-based temperature monitoring work, for which he was awarded the American Meteorological Society’s Special Award.

• Werner Stumm was a Swiss chemist. After earning his doctorate in inorganic chemistry at the University of Zürich in 1952 he moved to the U.S. where he was active as a professor at Harvard University until 1969. From 1970 until 1992 he was head of the Swiss Federal Water Resources Centre EAWAG.  Werner Stumm was an active researcher in several aspects of geochemistry. During the early part of his career, he was influenced by the ideas of Lars Gunnar Sillén and Robert Garrels regarding aqueous chemical equilibria. He developed models where the ideas by Sillén regarding equilibria were combined with improved descriptions of kinetically controlled reactions (i.e., slow reactions that do not reach equilibrium, e.g., weathering).  Stumm is well known for writing the influential book Aquatic chemistry, together with James J. Morgan, and several other books on the interplay between mineral surfaces and water.

#ClimateChange #IPCC #GlobalWarming #ClimateCrisis #Sustainability #NetZero #EPA #EndangermentFinding #CO2 #ClimatePolicy #EnergyPolicy #FossilFuel #Henry’sLaw

Leadership designs strategy. GOP leadership must change.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4206070 to download pdf

COVID-19 Vaccine Boosters for Young Adults: A Risk-Benefit Assessment and Five Ethical Arguments against Mandates at Universities

50 Pages Posted: 12 Sep 2022

“We estimate that 22,000 – 30,000 previously uninfected adults aged 18-29 must be boosted with an mRNA vaccine to prevent one COVID-19 hospitalisation.”

…

“As such, these severe infringements of individual liberty are ethically unjustifiable. “

BY: RACHEL BOVARD (bio down below)

SEPTEMBER 12, 2022

“To prove ourselves, we have to do more than simply win the argument. We have to have a plan. We cannot simply say ‘trust us.’“

The following remarks were given at the National Conservative Conference on Sept. 12, 2022.

Read the entire post here. It is EXCELLENT! https://thefederalist.com/2022/09/12/national-conservatisms-ideas-are-winning-but-we-need-a-plan-to-carry-them-out/

Excerpts:

We’re winning the argument. The next step is winning the fight. That’s not the same thing as winning elections. NatCons have already won elections.

But winning the fight isn’t just about November. It’s about winning the other eleven months, too. It’s about creating a virtuous cycle of political strategy and policy reform powerful enough to realign our politics… and rescue our nation from the dangers now at her throat.

Ready or not, National Conservatism is becoming America’s political majority. Whether it becomes America’s next governing coalition is a separate question. And one almost entirely dependent on the substantive policy agenda and strategy national conservative thinkers, candidates, and elected officials offer the country.

…

We don’t need to – and we shouldn’t – throw out all our old ideas. But we do need to reprioritize them now —- when our most basic government and economic institutions are ideologically weaponized against the public.

The priorities of Federal Reserve economists, Wall Street hedge fund managers, board members of Raytheon, and globalists at the World Trade Organization have been discredited and should be discounted.

Instead, the day-to-day needs of the family must be the beating heart of this movement. That will involve economic policy. It will involve choices about national defense, technology, higher education, and health care. Because the revelation of our movement is that every policy choice is a family policy choice.

What separates our vision from that of Washington’s permanent class is that the family sits on top of our policy hierarchy. And every policy choice we make is subservient to the family. Not the other way around.

But it’s not enough to say it. We have to do it. And to succeed, we must have a plan. Donald Trump’s first year in office perfectly illustrates the point. The president, you’ll remember, wanted a border wall. Paul Ryan and Mitch McConnell wanted a corporate tax cut. One had a mandate; the others had a plan.

By contrast, the part of the Trump agenda that was mapped out, publicly, by the president, in specific detail before his inauguration were his nominations to the Supreme Court. And as a result, those commitments now have names: Justice Gorsuch, Justice Kavanaugh, and Justice Barrett.

…

The woke ideology, the universities that teach it, and the cultural and corporate elites who enforce it are fundamentally anti-American, totalitarian, and absolutely convicted about the justice of punishing dissent and destroying any check on their power.

The Left’s long “march through the institutions” was a world-changing success. Every institution – public or private – that woke elites run is being wielded, right now, as a weapon against every man, woman, child, and family in the United States.

Against the Constitution. Against religion. Against freedom. Against sex, comedy, art, and culture. Against innocence and reason, against truth itself.

Generation Woke does not want America to ever be Great Again because they don’t want America to ever be America again.

… continues https://thefederalist.com/2022/09/12/national-conservatisms-ideas-are-winning-but-we-need-a-plan-to-carry-them-out/

Rachel Bovard is The Federalist’s senior tech columnist and the senior director of policy at the Conservative Partnership Institute. She has more than a decade of policy experience in Washington and has served in both the House and Senate in various roles, including as a legislative director and policy director for the Senate Steering Committee under the successive chairmanships of Sen. Pat Toomey and Sen. Mike Lee. She also served as director of policy services for The Heritage Foundation.

Hat tip to Yuri Tuvim

• #AMERICA #BIG TECH #DONALD TRUMP #ELECTIONS #ELITES #FBI #MITCHMCCONNELL #NATIONAL CONSERVATISM #NATIONAL CONSERVATISM CONFERENCE #PAUL RYAN #REPUBLICANS #GOP #NRCC #NRSC #RICKSCOTT #SCOTUS #TOTALITARIAN GOVERNMENT #WOKE #WOKE AMERICA #GREATRESET #RESET

2 minutes

Corbyn holds a first class BSc degree in physics and an MSc in astrophysics. He did postgraduate research in superconductivity. Corbyn is heavily slammed by the woke cancel culture and orthodox human-CO2 caused global warming publications. Piers Corbyn is right.

Fri, Sep. 16^th Eric A Ruark, Director of Research, Numbers USA https://www.numbersusa.com/

The Association of Mature American Citizens (AMAC) was formed in 2007 with the organization framing itself as a conservative alternative to the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP). One can find its Stance on Key Issues on its website — including on Social Security, which doesn’t mention immigration — and on immigration, which doesn’t mention Social Security.

The July/August issue of The AMAC Magazine did publish an article by Gerry Hafer entitled “Immigration and Our Social Security: A Frequently Misunderstood Subject” in which the author tries to impress on readers that immigration is necessary to keep Social Security solvent, with the implication that more immigration than we currently have is needed.

This argument is not new. It has been used for years in an attempt to convince Americans, especially older Americans, that Social Security funding is dependent on mass immigration. Back in 2018, we pointed out that this was wrong when Vox “newsplainer” Alexia Fernndez Campbell claimed “economic estimates show that immigration would help save the Social Security system. Not just legal immigration — illegal immigration too.”

Hafer doesn’t go that far. He doesn’t claim that immigration will “save” the program, but he does assert that immigration has only a positive effect on Social Security, and he writes:

While lawmakers focus on tactical changes needed to sustain Social Security for future generations, it becomes more and more important to recognize the degree to which the program relies on net immigration to bolster our country’s flagging workforce participation rate — the key tax-paying component of the equation in financing Social Security’s operations.

The obvious question raised by Hafer’s conclusion is why the country’s workforce participation rate is “flagging?” It certainly isn’t because there aren’t enough working-age Americans.

There are 84.2 million U.S.- born residents not in the labor force. About half of those are between the ages of 16 and 64.

Hafer doesn’t ask why employers may prefer to hire immigrants over the native-born, nor does he acknowledge the extensive body of literature that shows the negative effect of immigration on American workers, let alone engage it. Hafer doesn’t even give his readers a basic calculation of how much the foreign-born contribute to Social Security versus how much they take out.

Hafer also brushes aside the problem of illegal immigration by saying those working illegally pay into Social Security (some do, many do not) yet won’t ever receive benefits. This leaves out the fact that this is only true if they never receive amnesty or don’t receive benefits through fraud (SSNs are frequently stolen by illegal aliens.) And it totally ignores the immense overall cost of illegal immigration to U.S. taxpayers.

The Chief Actuary of the Social Security Administration noted in a 2013 report that payments made by illegal aliens have a marginal effect on the Social Security trust fund and may slightly decrease its deficit. In 2015, the SSA Chief Actuary testified to Congress that the DACA and DAPA amnesties of 5 million people would delay the SS Trust Fund insolvency by three months.

More legal immigration isn’t going to help save Social Security either; it can only prolong the program for a short time while creating an even larger obligation that the U.S. government will be unable to pay out. Immigrants are younger than Americans, as Hafer points out, but not by much, and the effect on the worker-to-retiree ratio is again marginal.

Pew Research put out a report in 2015 estimating that “keeping the old-age dependency ratio constant through 2050 would call for immigration inflows that are 15 times the present rate.”

Immigrants age at the same rate as the U.S. born. Claiming that immigration is a fix for Social Security is, as many have pointed out in counterargument, supporting a classic Ponzi scheme. The immigration influx will have to constantly increase at a rapid rate to fund payouts to beneficiaries until the whole thing collapses.

Serious structural reforms will have to be made if Social Security is to be saved, and that means a serious discussion of the problems facing the program, not unfounded claims about the benefits of mass immigration.

Eric A Ruark, director of research

Dedication

This study is dedicated to Pat Boone of Beverly Hills California for his generous encouragement, support, and financial assistance without which this study could not have been conducted; and to Dr. George V. Chilingar, Professor Emeritus, USC, for dedication to proving that human production of carbon dioxide does not contribute to climate change, as reflected in his book “The Evolution of the Earth’s Climate”.

In November 2021, ClimateCite Corp, a non-profit 501(c)(3) compliant educational and research entity and its sister company EnergyCite, Inc. engaged two Stanford educated Ph.D. physicists, Dr. Shahar Ben-Menahem and Dr. Abraham Ishihara through the research company, MODOC Analytics, to conduct an analysis of the atmospheric reservoir of Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) and the effect the June 15, 1991 volcanic eruption of Pinatubo had on the rate of change of the CO₂ quantity. The project was called the Pinatubo Study.

The first phase of this study used software to determine if we could detect inflection points (defined as changes in sign of established trend) that corresponded to a single major climate event within a data set of daily CO₂ concentration measurements; the event was the 1991 explosive volcanic eruption of Pinatubo in the Philippine Islands. The data set was the daily CO₂ concentrations reported by NOAA Mauna Loa. Hypothetically, if we were able to detect this event with statistical confidence, then we could use the same data set and software to produce evidence that Henry’s Law controls CO₂ atmospheric concentrations due to the solubility of CO₂ gas in the Earth’s hydrosphere. This example would be the first case which then would be expanded by looking at many different types of climate, weather and environmental events, such as human CO₂ emissions which are presumed and widely reported to affect global CO₂ concentration.

The Mauna Loa data set was selected by ClimateCite and its principal scientist, Bud Bromley, because it is widely recognized and reported and widely but not universally assumed to be the gold standard representing the net global average CO₂ gas concentration in the atmosphere. This data set was also selected because the data are readily accessible and have been measured since the 1970s.

Tom Tamarkin and Bud Bromley appeared on Rabbi Avi Schwartz’s podcast “Truth in Our Times” to discuss the Pinatubo Study and the issue of climate change.

A video recording of the podcast is here: The Pinatubo Study – Man Made Climate Change and the Smoking Gun

Hundreds More Papers Published In 2021 Support A Skeptical Position On Climate Alarm

By Kenneth Richard on 14. February 2022

In 2021, several hundred more scientific papers were published that cast doubt on the position that anthropogenic CO2 emissions function as the climate’s fundamental control knob…or that otherwise serve to question the efficacy of climate models or the related “consensus” positions commonly endorsed by policymakers and mainstream media sources.

7 minute video.

“In 1940, Fabian socialist H. G. Wells wrote his own The New World Order, popularizing the phrase. The book advocated unification of the nations of the world to end war and bring global peace. Since the late eighteenth century, when the Illuminati first called for the New World Order, many globalists have openly advocated its creation, including President Woodrow Wilson, Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, President George H. W. Bush, British prime minister Tony Blair, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, banker David Rockefeller, and Vice President Joe Biden. “The world’s elite deal in only one commodity—power,” Marrs wrote in The Rise of the Fourth Reich: The Secret Societies That Threaten to Take Over America. “They seek to gain and maintain the controlling power that comes from great wealth, usually gained through the monopoly of ownership over basic resources. Politics and social issues matter little to the globalist ruling elite, who move smoothly between corporate business and government service… It is this unswerving attention to commerce and banking that lies behind nearly all modern events. It is the basis for a ‘New World Order’ mentioned by both Hitler and former President George H. W. Bush.” Over the last century, the elite have engaged in a massive, covert campaign to prepare humanity for the New World Order.”

Paul McGuire (Trumpocalypse: The End-Times President, a Battle Against the Globalist Elite, and the Countdown to Armageddon)